This the Spring 2003 term list and will change somewhat to reflect the new edition of the text book. Key Concepts - Introduction to Geography Textbook Most of these terms are listed at the end of its respective chapter with a page number, all are in the textbook. Be sure to read the summary at the end of each chapter, you will find it helpful. You will find the glossary and the index very helpful, as well. Chapter One: Introduction Chapter One: Introduction What is meant by the term "geography" Employment available to professionally trained geographers. Know the six questions geographers ask about a place: 1. Location, direction & distance 2. Scale 3. Physical structure and cultural content 4. How attributes develop and change over time 5. How the elements interrelate with those of other places 6. Regions of similarity and differences How can size and scale can affect the interpretation of geographic phenomena. ( degree of generalization) absolute vs. relative location. physical vs. cultural landscapes distance decay spatial diffusion Map locations: Blank Map of Southwest Asia Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Strait of Hormuz, Kuwait, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Afghanistan, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates Chapter Two: Maps These locations will be on the first test: Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Haiti, Costa Rica Get a blank map here. conic projection cylindrical projection contour line false-color image GIS & its uses grid system International Date Line Landsat latitude & longitude: Be able to determine the grid coordinates of a place, given a map. map projection Mercator projection prime meridian what important function does it serve? remote sensing: types and uses scale topographic map township and range system What landscape feature is suggested by closely spaced contour intervals? Chapter Three: Landforms continental drift, plate tectonics, plate boundaries alluvium erosional agents faults floodplain glacier karst topography loess longshore current moraines (terminal) metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary Pangea subduction tsunami San Andreas Fault richter scale water table Compare the US Atlantic coastline to the Pacific coastline ring of fire (page 64) volcanism Chapter Four: Climate air mass air pressure climate vs. weather climax community convection convectional precipitation coriolis effect frontal precipitation, front dew point el Nino vs. la Nina humid continental climate humid subtropical climate hurricane vs. typhoon jet stream marine west coast climate Mediterranean Climate savanna steppe monsoon natural vegetation North Atlantic drift & its impact on the region's climate orographic precipitation succession temperature inversion tropical rainforest troposphere tundra Chapter Five: Human Impact acid rain *biological magnification biosphere channelization CFCs *desertification & the Sahel ecology ecosystem, nich, food chain environmental pollution, water pollution sources *eutrophication: runoff and algal blooms *exotic species impact of *food chain; fig 5.29 which level of the is most affected by pollution? global warming greenhouse warming greenhouse effect hazardous waste & government definition hydrologic cycle ozone pollution vs. ozone layer what appears to be happening to the ozone layer? photochemical smog PCBs salinization soil erosion subsidence causes and effects thermal pollution troposphere Map Locations: Afghan region map locations for test. Afghan region blank map Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,Pakistan, Iran, Irag, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Egypt, Turkey, India, Israel Chapter Six: Population arithmetic density carrying capacity *cohort crude birth rate (CBR) crude death rate (CDR) crude density demographic equation demographic (population) momentum *demographic transition model demography dependency ratio doubling time ecumene *female infanticide & missing women page 205 homeostatic plateau infant mortality rate J-curve * Malthus and his theory mortality rate natural increase neo-Malthusianism nonecumene overpopulation *physiological density & arable land population density population geography population momentum population projection population pyramid rate of natural increase replacement level & Europe S-curve total fertility rate (TFR) zero population growth (ZPG) Ecosystems of Bay County (For the Lecture Class Only) Distance Learning does not do field trip. Estuarine Marsh occurs in low energy shore areas of brackish (bay) water. Tidal fluctuation is the most important ecological factor in tidal marsh communities - determining which grasses grow where. In shallow areas black needlerush occurs, and in deeper areas smooth cordgrass will grow. Many marine organisms use tidal marshes part or all of their lives. Among them: shrimp, blue crab, oysters, sharks, grouper, snapper, mullet, etc. Habitats imperiled in Florida because of rarity* *Beach dune is wind deposited) undulating beachfront vegetated with salt tolerant pioneer species - especially sea oats. Sea oats have multilayered roots which enable them to stabilize dunes. Beach dune communities are found along shorelines subject to high energy waves where ridges of sand build up. These are very dynamic communities - actually mobile. Taking the brunt of storm surge, intact beach dunes are essential for protection of inland natural communities. The deep siliceous (silica/quartz) sands drain rapidly, creating decidedly xeric (arid) conditions. *Pine Flatwoods consist of open canopy forest of widely spaced pine trees with little or no understory, but a dense ground cover of herbs and shrubs. Species: longleaf pine, saw palmetto, dwarf wax myrtle. Without relatively frequent fires (3-8 years), flatwoods succeed into hardwood dominated forests. Too frequent fires, however, eliminate pine recruitment (baby pines) and the area would go to prairie. 30 to 50% of Florida's upland was mesic flatwoods before human settlement. However, few undisturbed areas still exist. *Scrub is a fire maintained community almost exclusive to Florida and is home to several listed species. They usually have a heavy growth of sand pine and a thick undergrowth of scrub oaks and other shrubs, rosemary and lichens. The loose sands drain rapidly, creating very xeric conditions and can become very hot. In these desertlike conditions, plants have small tough leaves to conserve water or have none as in the case of the native cactus. Scrubs are maintained by severe fires that burn them to the ground every 20 to 60 years. Pines then grow up from seeds and oaks shrubs resprout from their undamaged roots. Scrub areas are often recharge areas where rainfall can refill underground aquifers from which we get most of our drinking water. *Hammock Coastal Upland habitat on stabilized dune, fire rare, consists of live oak and other hardwoods. Prized as building sites by early settlers for the shade and breezes it provides.In residential areas of Panama City, this habitat is not being renewed because lawn maintenance prevents new trees to sprout. As trees age they are not being replaced. *Sandhill Dry upland with deep sand, frequent fire (every 2-5 years), longleaf pine and or turkey oak with wiregrass understory. North Bay County, and much of the Panhandle, was once covered by this system, but it has been replaced by one crop (one tree type) pine plantations of sand pine. Chapter Seven: Cultural Geography acculturation vs. assimilation creole language culture culture hearth culture trait dialect, i.e., the southern dialect of English environmental determinism *ethnic religion: know examples ethnicity ethnocentrism: is China east of the United States ("Oriental") language family, families romance languages germanic languages lingua franca pidgin race spatial diffusion standard language tribal (traditional) religion universalizing religion vernacular language *opponents of __________ in the US believe it undermines the "Americanization" (acculturation) of immigrants. p.260 *How do "Arab" and "Muslim" differ?. Map Locations Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Poland Blank Map: europemap.htm Chapter Eight: Spatial Behavior channelized migration diffusion distance decay environmental perception forced migration *hierarchical diffusion mental map emmigration vs. immigration perception of natural hazards pull & push factors *relocation diffusion Chapter Nine: Political Geography antecedent boundary *centrifugal force *centripetal force colony Common Market devolution domino theory enclave *ethnic cleansing European Union (EU) *gerrymandering irredentism multinational state nation nationalism *nation-state natural (physical) boundary North Atlantic Treaty Org. (NATO) redistricting relic boundary self-determination separatism sovereignty state stateless nation *superimposed boundary: territorial dispute United Nations United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: four zones zoning Chapter 10 Economic Geography comparative advantageintensive vs. extensive extensive commercial agriculture extensive subsistence agriculture Green Revolution high-tech and US corridors: Orlando, Atlanta, Raleigh-Durham, Austin, Silicon Valley, Boston, etc. hunting and gathering *infrastructure intensive commercial agriculture intensive subsistence agriculture maximum sustainable yield nomadic herding place utility *planned economy plantation: what is their market orientation primary activity quaternary activity quinary activity secondary activity tertiary activity shifting cultivation,slash-and-burn, swidden subsistence economy substitution principle *transnational corporation (TNC) von Thünen rings Discussion Topics 1. The distinctive differences between subsistence and commercial economies. 2. Secondary industry decline and growing high-tech corridors and concentrations. 3. The characteristics of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. Chapter 11 : Natural Resources aquaculture biomass *clear cutting effects on forests coastal wetland conservation energy efficiency *environmentally sustainable economy *estuarine zone *fossil fuels geothermal energy hydropower *monoculture natural resource *US policy old-growth forest overfishing, overharvesting potentially renewable resource, nonrenewable resource *renewable resources: know and name *What constitutes a resource? resource reserve resource substitution solar energy *tragedy of the commons wind farm Discussion Topics 1. To what extent are resources truly renewable? 2. Discuss the implications of worldwide resource consumption patterns like those of the industrialized countries. 3. The uneven distribution of minerals among countries, (b) the political and military implications of mineral dependence or independence, (c) the role of political blocs or producers' cartels in mineral availability or pricing, OPEC 4. (Lecture Class) Where has the Green Revolution been most successful, and what have been some of its drawbacks. Chapter 12: Urban Geography megalopolis central business district (CBD) primate city, world city What's wrong with the suburbs***? (fueluse, infrastructure needs, cultural opportunity, commute times) ***sustainable communities NOT! suburb, suburbanization central placetheory economic base ethnicity *gentrification *greenbelt basic (economic) sector: What happened at Seaside? Metropolitan Statistical Area multiplier effect service sector What are Seaside's successes and failures as a new town? what about pedestrian scale, sense of place, community spaces, social interaction *urban flight: How has suburbanization affected central cities? Discussion Topics 1. Distinguish urban from nonurban settlement. 2. Economic base theory and the multiplier effect. 3. Third World cities now contain some one billion inhabitants and are projected to quadruple in population by A.D. 2025-2030. Discuss the upsurge in Third World urban populations and the problems and land use patterns that explosive growth entails. 4. (Lecture Class)What urban ideals were considered in the planning of Seaside, Florida? |
