Key Concepts - Introduction to Geography Textbook
Most of these terms are listed at the end of its respective chapter with a page number, all are in the textbook.
Be sure to read the summary at the end of each chapter, you will find it helpful.
You will find the glossary and the index very helpful, as well.

Chapter One: Introduction

What is meant by the term "geography" 
Employment available to professionally trained geographers.  
Know the six questions geographers ask about a place:
	1. Location, direction  & distance
	2. Scale
	3. Physical structure and cultural content
	4. How attributes develop and change over time
	5. How the elements interrelate with those of other places
	6. Regions of similarity and differences
 
How can size and scale can affect the interpretation of geographic phenomena. ( degree of generalization)
absolute vs. relative location. 
physical vs. cultural landscapes 
distance decay 
spatial diffusion

 Map locations: Blank Map of Southwest Asia  Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Strait of Hormuz, Kuwait, Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, Afghanistan, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates,   Afghan Region Map      Afghan region blank map 
Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Egypt, Turkey, India, Israel

Chapter Two: Maps
conic projection
cylindrical projection
contour line
false-color image
GIS & its uses
grid system
International Date Line
Landsat
latitude & longitude: Be able to determine the grid coordinates of a place, given a map.
map projection
Mercator projection
prime meridian what important function does it serve?
remote sensing: types and uses
scale
topographic map
township and range system
What landscape feature is suggested by closely spaced contour intervals?

Chapter Three: Landforms
continental drift, plate tectonics, plate boundaries
alluvium
erosional agents
faults
floodplain
glacier
karst topography
loess
longshore current
moraines (terminal)
metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary
Pangea
subduction 
tsunami
San Andreas Fault
richter scale
water table
Compare the US Atlantic coastline to the Pacific coastline
ring of fire (page 64)
volcanism

Chapter Four: Climate
These locations will be on the test: Get a blank map here.
Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Haiti, Costa Rica, Cuba, 
Panama, Barbados, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Guatemala,
air mass
air pressure
climate vs. weather
climax community
convection
convectional precipitation
coriolis effect
frontal precipitation, front
dew point
el Nino vs. la Nina
humid continental climate
humid subtropical climate
hurricane vs. typhoon
jet stream
marine west coast climate
Mediterranean Climate
savanna
steppe
monsoon
natural vegetation
North Atlantic drift & its impact on the region's climate, Gulf Stream
orographic precipitation
succession
temperature inversion, Los Angeles, Denver
tropical rainforest
troposphere
tundra

Ecosystems of Bay County (For the Lecture Class Only)  
Distance Learning does not do field trip.

Estuarine Marsh occurs in low energy shore areas of brackish (bay) water. 
Tidal fluctuation is the most  important ecological factor in tidal marsh 
communities - determining which grasses grow where. In shallow areas black 
needlerush occurs, and in deeper areas smooth cordgrass will grow.  Many marine 
organisms use tidal marshes part or all of their lives.  Among them: shrimp, 
blue crab, oysters, sharks, 
grouper, snapper, mullet, etc. 

Habitats imperiled in Florida because of rarity
Beach dune is wind deposited) undulating beachfront vegetated with salt tolerant pioneer species - 
especially sea oats.  Sea oats have multilayered roots which enable them to stabilize dunes. Beach 
dune communities are found along shorelines subject to high energy waves where ridges of sand 
build up.  These are very dynamic communities - actually mobile.  Taking the brunt of storm surge, 
intact beach dunes are essential for protection of inland natural communities. The deep siliceous 
(silica/quartz) sands drain rapidly, creating decidedly xeric (arid) conditions.

Pine Flatwoods consist of open canopy forest of widely spaced pine trees with little or no understory, 
but a dense ground cover of herbs and shrubs.  Species: longleaf pine, saw palmetto, dwarf wax myrtle.  
Without relatively frequent fires (3-8 years), flatwoods succeed into hardwood dominated forests. 
Too frequent fires, however, eliminate pine recruitment (baby pines) and the area would go to prairie.  
30 to 50% of Florida's upland was mesic flatwoods before human settlement.  However, few undisturbed areas still exist.

Scrub is a fire maintained community almost exclusive to Florida and is home to several listed species.  
They usually have a heavy growth of sand pine and a thick undergrowth of scrub oaks and other shrubs, 
rosemary and lichens.  The loose sands drain rapidly, creating very xeric conditions and can become 
very hot.  In these desertlike conditions, plants have small tough leaves to conserve water or have none 
as in the case of the native cactus. Scrubs are maintained by severe fires that burn them to the ground 
every 20 to 60 years.  Pines then grow up from seeds and oaks shrubs resprout from their undamaged 
roots.  Scrub areas are often recharge areas where rainfall can refill underground aquifers from which we 
get most of our drinking water.

Hammock    Coastal Upland habitat on stabilized dune, fire rare, consists of live oak and other hardwoods.  
Prized as building sites by early settlers for the shade and breezes it provides.In residential areas of 
Panama City, this habitat is not being renewed because lawn maintenance prevents new trees to sprout. 
 As trees age they are not being replaced.

Sandhill     Dry upland with deep sand, frequent fire (every 2-5 years), longleaf pine and or turkey oak with 
wiregrass understory.  North Bay County, and much of the Panhandle, was once covered by this system, 
but it has been replaced by one crop (one tree type) pine plantations of sand pine.

Chapter Five: Natural Resources
aquaculture
biomass
clear cutting effects  on forests
coastal wetland
conservation
energy efficiency
environmentally sustainable economy
estuarine zone
fossil fuels
geothermal energy
hydropower
monoculture
natural resource
US policy  old-growth forest
overfishing, overharvesting
potentially renewable resource, nonrenewable resource
renewable resources: know and name
What constitutes a resource?
resource reserve
resource substitution
solar energy
tragedy of the commons
wind farm 

Discussion Topics
1.  To what extent are resources truly renewable?
2.   Discuss the implications  of  worldwide resource consumption patterns 
      like those of the industrialized countries.
3.   The uneven distribution of minerals among countries, (b) the political and military
      implications of mineral dependence or independence, (c) the role of political blocs 
      or producers' cartels in mineral availability or pricing,  OPEC
4.    (Lecture Class) Where has the Green Revolution  been most successful, and what 
      have been some of its drawbacks.

Chapter Six: Population
Map locations:Africa:   
map  South Africa, Zaire, Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Egypt, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan (Darfur)
Rift Valley, divergent plate boundary, Cape Verde Islands
arithmetic density
carrying capacity
cohort
demographic (population) momentum
demographic transition model
dependency ratio
doubling time
female infanticide & missing women  page 205
Malthus and his theory
neo-Malthusianism
overpopulation
physiological density  & arable land
population momentum
population projection
population pyramid
replacement level & Europe
zero population growth (ZPG)
(background only)
crude birth rate (CBR)
crude death rate (CDR)
crude density
demographic equation
ecumene
mortality rate
natural increase
homeostatic plateau
infant mortality rate
J-curve
demography
nonecumene
rate of natural increase
S-curve
total fertility rate (TFR)
population density
population geography
population projection

Chapter Seven: Cultural Geography
creole language
culture
culture hearth
culture trait
dialect, i.e., the southern dialect of English
environmental determinism
ethnic religion: know examples
ethnicity
ethnocentrism: is China east of the United States ("Oriental")
language family, families 
romance languages
germanic languages
lingua franca
pidgin
race
spatial diffusion
standard language
tribal (traditional) religion
universalizing religion
vernacular language
acculturation  vs. assimilation

opponents of __________ in the US believe it undermines the "Americanization" (acculturation) of 
immigrants. p.260  
How do "Arab" and "Muslim" differ?. 

Chapter Eight: Spatial Behavior
channelized migration 
diffusion
distance decay
environmental perception
forced migration
hierarchical diffusion
mental map
emigration vs.  immigration
perception of natural hazards
pull & push factors
relocation diffusion

Chapter Nine: Political Geography
antecedent boundary
centrifugal force
centripetal force
colony
Common Market
devolution
domino theory
enclave
ethnic cleansing
European Union (EU)
gerrymandering
irredentism
multinational state
nation
nationalism
nation-state
natural (physical) boundary
North Atlantic Treaty Org. (NATO)
redistricting
relic boundary
self-determination
separatism
sovereignty
state
stateless nation
superimposed boundary:
territorial dispute
United Nations
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: four zones
zoning 

Chapter 10 Economic Geography
Map Locations       Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova,
United Kingdom, France, Italy,  Spain,  Germany, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Poland
    Blank Map: europemap.htm Chapter Eleven:  Urban Geography
megalopolis
central business district (CBD)
primate city, world city 
What's wrong with the suburbs***? (fueluse, infrastructure needs, cultural opportunity, commute times)
	***sustainable communities NOT!
suburb, suburbanization
central place theory
economic base
ethnicity
*gentrification
*greenbelt
basic (economic) sector: What happened at Seaside?
Metropolitan Statistical Area
multiplier effect
service sector
What are Seaside's successes and failures as a new town?
     what about pedestrian scale, sense of place, community spaces, social interaction
*urban flight: How has suburbanization affected central cities?

 
Discussion Topics
1.  Distinguish urban from nonurban settlement.
2.  Economic base theory and the multiplier effect.
3.  Third World cities now contain some one billion inhabitants and are projected to quadruple
      in population by A.D. 2025-2030. Discuss the upsurge in Third World urban populations
      and the problems and land use patterns that explosive growth entails.
4.   (Lecture Class)What urban ideals were considered in the planning of Seaside, Florida?

Chapter Twelve:  Human Impact
ecology
biosphere
troposphere
hydrologic cycle
ecosystem, nich, food chain
*exotic species  impact of 
environmental pollution, 
*biological magnification
*food chain; fig 5.29 which level of the is most affected by pollution?
channelization
salinization
soil erosion
subsidence causes and effects
*desertification & the Sahel
water pollution sources
*eutrophication: runoff  and algal blooms
thermal pollutionWhat is a typical location for this?
global warming
greenhouse effect: Is this a new phenomenon?
acid rainDoes acid rain affect industrial areas mostly?
CFCs  What's the problem and what has been done?
Distinguish between ozone pollution & ozone layerWhere does each occur?
what appears to be happening to the ozone layer?
photochemical smog
PCBs
Hazardous waste: how it is defined by the U.S. government?